Benin Kingdom

 

History

 

The original people and founders of the Benin Kingdom, the Edo
people, were initially ruled by the Ogiso (Kings of the Sky) who
called their land Igodomigodo. The first Ogiso (Ogiso Igodo),
wielded much influence and gained popularity as a good ruler. He
died after a long reign and was succeeded by Ere, his eldest son. In
the 12th century, a great palace intrigue erupted and crown prince
Ekaladerhan, the only son of the last Ogiso was sentenced to death
as a result of the first Queen (who was barren) deliberately
changing an oracle message to the Ogiso. In carrying out the order
of the palace, the palace messengers had mercy and set the prince
free at Ughoton near Benin. When his father the Ogiso died, the
Ogiso dynasty ended. The people and royal kingmakers preferred
their king’s son as the natural next in line to rule. The exiled Prince
Ekaladerhan had changed his name to Izoduwa meaning ‘I have
chosen the part of prosperity’ and found his way to Ile-Ife. It was
during this period of confusion that the elders led by Oliha
mounted a search for the banished Prince Ekaladerhan whom the
Ife people will now call Oduduwa. Oduduwa, who could not return
due to age, granted them Oranmiyan, his son, to rule over them.
Oranmiyan was resisted by Ogiamien Irebor, one of the palace
chiefs, and took up his abode in the palace built for him at Usama
by the elders (now a coronation shrine). Soon after his arrival, he
married a beautiful lady, Erinmwinde, daughter of Ogie-Egor, the
ninth Enogie (Duke) of Egor, by whom he had a son. After some
years of residence here he called a meeting of the people and
renounced his office, remarking that the country was a land of
vexation, Ile-Ibinu Yoruba words (by which name the country was
afterward known), and that only a child born, trained, and educated
in the arts and mysteries of the land could reign over the people.

He caused his son born to him by Erinmwinde to be made King in his place and returned to Yoruba land Ile-Ife. His son whom he left behind was deaf and dumb, and the elders recoursed to Oranmiyan who gave them charmed seeds “omo ayo” to play with which would make him talk. The little Oranmiyan played with the seeds with his peers at Egor, his mother’s hometown. While playing with the seeds he announced “Owomika” meaning ‘my hands catch it’ in Yoruba but corrupted to ‘Eweka’ by the Edos. This is why every Oba of Benin must stay seven days in Usama and announce his name at Egor. Eweka thus started the Oba dynasty. Oranmiyan was also the founder of the Oyo Empire where he ruled supreme as the first Aalafin of Oyo and proceeded to ile ife to become the 6th Ooni of ife while his descendants rules in Ile Ife, Oyo and Benin. By the 15th century, Benin had expanded into a thriving city-state. The twelfth Oba in line, Oba Ewuare the Great (1440–1473) would expand the city-state’s territories to surrounding regions. It was not until the 15th century during the reign of Oba Ewuare the Great that the kingdom’s administrative centre, the city Ubinu, began to be known as Benin City by the Portuguese, later adopted by the locals as well. Before then, due to the pronounced ethnic diversity at the kingdom’s headquarters during the 15th century from the successes of Oba Ewuare, the earlier name (‘Ubinu’) by a tribe of the Edos was colloquially spoken as “Bini” by the mix of Itsekhiri, Esan, Igbo, Ijaw Edo, Urhobo living together in the royal administrative centre of the kingdom. The Portuguese would write this down as Benin City. However, farther Edo clans, such as the Itsekiris and the Urhobos still referred to the city as Ubini up till the late 19th century, as evidence implies. Aside from Benin City, the system of rule of the Oba in his kingdom, even through the golden age of the kingdom, was still loosely based on the Ogiso dynasty, which was military and royal protection in exchange for the use of resources and implementation of taxes paid to the royal administrative centre. Language and culture were not enforced but remained heterogeneous and localized according to each group within the kingdom, though a local “Enogie” (duke) was often appointed by the Oba for specified ethnic areas.

 
 
Source of Information: Wikipedia, The Guardian by Desmond
Agbama 28 October 2018, The Nigerian Observer 22 October 2018.